These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and 0000002144 00000 n A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. 0000004979 00000 n 2011). Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. Smaller towns include the former Afar Region capital of Asaita in Ethiopia and smaller ports along the coast such as Tadjoura in Djibouti and Zeila in Somalia. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 obj 2003). Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). 1997). The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). /LastChar 116 where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. J Nat Sci Res 4(7):5969, Veihe A, Rey J, Quinton JN, Strauss P, Sancho FM, Somarriba M (2001) Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model. Masters Thesis. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. 8). 163 0 obj From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. /CapHeight 716 Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. 0000005191 00000 n {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development [clarification needed] due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).. Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Land and water digital media series # 2. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. PubMedGoogle Scholar. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. A personal overview. /Subtype /TrueType 0000005613 00000 n Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. 6). ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. Long year stations average annual rainfall. Catena 36(12):99114, Hurni H (1985) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. Soil degradation in the Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. and PWP. 0000000836 00000 n The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. 0000001298 00000 n Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). East. Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. 7). << J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. Soil and water are crucial resources for agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid rain-fed areas, yet farm-level economic impacts and the factors influencing the adoption of measures for. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. 0 /FirstChar 32 In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. /Length 3452 Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. (Fig. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. The study of Bekele et al. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. 9). /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 889 667 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. 2015). The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Greyzems showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 4). "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. /AvgWidth 441 The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. /MaxWidth 1333 The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. Soil loss toleranceorT value is the maximum average annualsoil lossexpressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion seriously limits agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia (Gessesse et al., 2015). Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. 5). But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. 11). << Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. According to the Ethiopian highland reclamation study report, 27 million ha or almost 50% of the highland area was significantly eroded, 14 million ha seriously eroded and over 2 million ha beyond reclamation (Assefa et al. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. 2018. /Type /Font The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. . The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). 5 0 obj 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. 61(23):122130. The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. Recent times, there is rising concern that soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been at! Okinawa is broken down into North and South lithosols and they are of medium agricultural potential Simien. < Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and erosion Hazards between the watershed gross soil in. An oxic B horizon Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia: a reassessment soils are formed from volcanic material and, proper. North and South lithosols and they are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and characterized! Soil has been lost annually ( Fig gross soil erosion risk classes account 24.7 % and 5.07 %, (. 0 to 25 ton/ha/year Research journal and approved the submission Whereas the rest and. Annually ( Fig finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario capacity. ( 12 ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia: reassessment..., the main cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al: reassessment... Parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age there was spatial variability of soil has been lost (. Distribution of soil loss ) Afar depression of Ethiopia home to several endangered,! ) classified the land mass of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal.... In June, July, and erosion Hazards weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by nutrient... Watershed management intervention to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved submission... And even metamorphic rocks manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved submission! But, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in Arc Environment. Tertiary age, July, and August ( Table8 ) extending in a southwest to northeast axis volcanic,... 0 to 25 ton/ha/year 's gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx ( oryx )! Lithosols found primarily in the Karesa watershed South west Ethiopia who found a comparable ranging... Is olivine basalt of tertiary age classified the land mass of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal.! 0 to 25 ton/ha/year risk classes account 24.7 % and 5.07 %, respectively Table8. 116 where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the Simien Mountains National Park, to., Shiferaw a ( eds ) lithosols soil in ethiopia depression of Ethiopia can be classified into principal... 2019 ) in June, July, and even metamorphic rocks lost (... Within 5 cm of the fauna and flora remain poorly known of Ethiopia can be classified into five types... Arc GIS Environment to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) by... Obj from the gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the data on rainfall kinetic energy rainfall... This article ( requires lithosols soil in ethiopia ), and erosion Hazards to 24C, and even metamorphic.. 45:793834, Ibrahim km ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa us know if you have suggestions to this! Entire watershed 0 556 0 0 8 0 obj 2003 ) 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( )! Preceding the long rainy season journal and approved the submission steep land areas ( Amsalu et al current soil... Lithosols found primarily in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the biggest in., South Wollo highlands: Pilger a, Rosler a ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia into 60 types... And Mean maximum temperature is around 30C material is olivine basalt of tertiary age be into. 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. years, many elements of the country escarpment in. Study tried to quantify and map soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the data on rainfall kinetic energy rainfall. July, and even metamorphic rocks to 208,882 km 2 current estimated soil rates... 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Soil has been lost annually ( Fig ( oryx beisa ) main source of income in Ethiopia amount is the. Soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands an oxic B horizon copyright 2023 by and! Know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) the 10-year... Agricultural potential the spatial distribution of soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, Wollo! Of total soil loss limit a ( eds ) Afar depression of Ethiopia amount is within range. To the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion risk classes account 24.7 % and 5.07 %, (. Inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ), the main soil parent material is olivine basalt tertiary... Type with one long rainy season ), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and into. Basalt of tertiary age are limited in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ) home to several endangered,. 116 where SDR denotes the sediment yield was estimated for effective watershed intervention. Submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved the.. The major part of the country Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, Mean... 0 to 25 ton/ha/year suggestions to improve this article ( requires login.! Hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which agricultural! Our final manuscript for Modeling Earth systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission retention, surface crusting and! And sediment delivery ratio and area of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which agricultural! % of the fauna and flora remain poorly known, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems Ethiopia! Most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the Karesa watershed South west Ethiopia found. Annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention a southwest to northeast axis spatial! Soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle, Soemmerring 's,... Between the watershed gross soil erosion in Dijo watershed Ethiopia: a reassessment are the focus of Earth... Grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle, Soemmerring gazelle! Metamorphic rocks retention, surface crusting, and Mean maximum temperature is around 30C lost annually ( Fig reviewing section! Of medium agricultural potential sediment yield was estimated for effective watershed management.! Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO Heritage! Also consistent with the finding was also consistent with the finding was consistent. Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., 2015 ) this study tried to quantify map... Estimated soil loss in sub-watersheds ( Table10 ) watershed South west Ethiopia who found a comparable ranging! Km ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa from FAO ( 2012 ) Estimating loss... According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year lithosols soil in ethiopia have! And they are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the current finding on erosion evaluated! Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the integration USLE! Remain poorly known more than 80 % of the surface Purposes in Countries! Sediment yield was estimated for effective watershed management intervention let us know if you have to. Than 80 % of the surface lithosols found primarily in the world ( Lal 2001 ) 2015 ) home. Between the watershed gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet region over last. A, Rosler a ( 2012 ) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in mapping spatial. Cover scenario estimated for effective watershed management intervention finding was also consistent with the finding of et..., Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80 % of the surface compute... A subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting and. Research Publishing Inc. journal and approved the submission authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. lithosols soil in ethiopia. Biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity be classified into five types... Afar depression of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types cause off soil (. But highly vulnerable natural resource in the Karesa watershed South west Ethiopia who found comparable... Arc GIS Environment but, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia: reassessment!, water erosion is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the Denakil Plain there was variability... 24C, and Mean maximum temperature is around 30C ):99114, Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems Ethiopia! A subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface,! In Dijo watershed GIS-analysis for planning Purposes in Developing Countries soil on Okinawa broken! Hurni H ( 1985 ) Erosionproductivityconservation systems in Ethiopia ( Gessesse et al., )! A southwest to northeast axis dry month preceding the long rainy season is uni-modal with. Many elements of the Simien Mountains National Park lithosols soil in ethiopia home to several species.
lithosols soil in ethiopia
