At the onset of the American Civil War, the State of Tennessee comprised most of the northern border of the Confederate States of America in the West. On March 29, 1863, he put part of his army to work constructing bridges, draining bayous and constructing a road past Vicksburg on the west side of the Mississippi. Port Gibson: Featured Resources Civil War | Video Vicksburg Campaign Civil War | Article 10 Facts: The Vicksburg Campaign Civil War | Biography James B. McPherson Night fighting such as this was rare in the Civil War as it was difficult to maintain command and control of the troops. The Confederates there were commanded by Maj. Gen. John S. Bowen, who had moved a division forward from Grand Gulf to confront Grant's XVII Corps under Maj. General James B. McPherson and XIII Corps under Maj. General John A. McClernand. Unaware that Grant had pulled back, Sherman attacked and was defeated at the Battle of Chickasaw Bluffs (December 29, 1862). While in Port Gibson, a visit to Windsor Ruins is a must. Despite the resulting delay, however, the Army of the Tennessee moved onto the river bluffs unopposed and pushed rapidly towards Port Gibson. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Map of the Mississippi River, 1863 . On April 22, six more boats made it through, bringing Grant the supplies he needed to launch his assault on Vicksburg. The A. K. Shaifer House was the site of the opening shots in the Battle of Port Gibson. Contents 1 Background 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 Battlefield preservation 5 See also 6 References Many of the bullets buried themselves in the wagon-load of furniture. The brigades of Brig. In December, Grant launched his first attempt to capture Vicksburg. The mesmerizing ruins are all that remain of what was once Mississippi's largest antebellum mansion. The 23rd Wisconsin Infantry was held in reserve during the morning but in the afternoon captured 20 prisoners. This was the largest amphibious landing of troops prior to World War II. [5] In 2011, the Civil War Preservation Trust was renamed the Civil War Trust, which in 2018 became a division of the American Battlefield Trust. Union forces entering Port Gibson . The Union Army was led by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and was victorious. [4], U.S. National Register of Historic Places, List of National Historic Landmarks in Mississippi, National Register of Historic Places listings in Claiborne County, Mississippi, "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Battle of Port Gibson / Battle of Thompson's Hill / Battle of Magnolia Hills", History Under Siege: Port Gibson designated by the Civil War Preservation Trust as a Top 10 most endangered Civil War battlefield in 2009, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Gibson_Battlefield&oldid=1103087379, This page was last edited on 8 August 2022, at 08:24. Nevertheless, the South still controlled traffic on much of the river because of its strong fortifications at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Despite the reinforcements, Green was still heavily outnumbered, and at around 10:00 a.m., his line collapsed. After failing to capture the strategically important city in late 1862 and early 1863, Grant decided on a new plan. The absence of any Confederate cavalry would have a major impact on the campaign. The First American President: Setting the Precedent, African Americans During the Revolutionary War, Save 42 Historic Acres at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Phase Three of Gaines Mill-Cold Harbor Saved Forever Campaign, An Unparalleled Preservation Opportunity at Gettysburg Battlefield, For Sale: Three Battlefield Tracts Spanning Three Wars, Preserve 128 Sacred Acres at Antietam and Shepherdstown. As the long column tramped down this road many officers were on foot. Levees were blown up to create flood plains only to carry the boats too high in the water, literally among the branches of the trees. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. 3. Gen. Martin E. Green's Brigade and took up a position astride the Rodney road just southwest of Port Gibson near Magnolia Church. Restoration of the sit is in progress and the majority of the battlefield is privately owned. Reinforced by Brig. Grant then sailed farther south and began crossing at Bruinsburg, Mississippi, on April 30. Having developed each other's positions, the opposing forces sat down and waited for daylight. Bowen deployed Brigadier General Martin E. Greens Brigade west of Port Gibson along Rodney Road and he stationed Brigadier General Edward D. Tracys brigade across Bruinsburg Road. Battle of Chickasaw Bayou (December 2629, 1862), The Union victory at the Battle of Port Gibson, Battle of Big Black River Bridge (May 17). The battle began around midnight near the Shaifer House four miles west of town. Unaware that Grant had pulled back, Sherman attacked, but Rebels forces defeated him at the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou (December 2629, 1862). #2 Port Gibson Battlefield National Register of Historic Places Updated: 2020-05-09 The Port Gibson Battlefield is the site near Port Gibson, Mississippi where the 1863 Battle of Port Gibson was fought during the American Civil War. Stay up-to-date on our FREE educational resources & professional development opportunities, all designed to support your work teaching American history. . Under threat of being surrounded, Bowen also evacuated the formidable Fort Cobun at Grand Gulf, yielding control of the area to Grants Army of the Tennessee. Subscribe to the American Battlefield Trust's quarterly email series of curated stories for the curious-minded sort! Noted are the Battle of Port Gibson, May 1, 1863, the Battle of Raymond, May 12, 1863, the Battle of Jackson, May 14, 1863, the Battle of Champion Hill, May 16, 1863, and the Battle of Big Black River Bridge, May 17, 1863. Struck with the realization that McPherson could cut him off from the bridge over the Big Black River, Bowen ordered the formidable defenses at Grand Gulf abandoned, the magazine exploded, and the heavy artillery destroyed. As Greens men scrambled to the rear, Brig. At the onset of the American Civil War, the State of Tennessee comprised the majority of the northern border of the Confederate States of America in the West. Canals were dug and abandoned. He sent three divisions, commanded by his most trusted subordinate, General William T. Sherman, down the river from Memphis to attack Vicksburg from the north. The moon is shining above us and the road is romantic in the extreme. The remaining garrison at Grand Gulf was evacuated the next day. Successive Union attacks buckled the Confederate lines. Now on the Vicksburg side of the river, Grants men marched toward their first objective, Port Gibson, situated roughly ten miles east of Bruinsburg, which commanded the local road network. The Confederate force now retreated back towards Grand Gulf. Only Champion's Hill, the biggest battle of the campaign, saw more Union losses. The bluff upon which the city sits made it nearly impossible to assault from the river. The Battle of Port Gibson was one of the turning points of the War between the States, since this defeat of the Confederates led to the capture of Vicksburg. Later nineteenth century to present [ edit] Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. Every purchase supports the mission. Copyright20062023,Somerightsreserved. Records 53-97. The house was used by Maj. Gen. John A McClernand for his headquarters and later used as a hospital. Sporadic skirmishing and artillery fire continued until 3 a.m. Windsor Battlefield Tour. To the north, nearly impenetrable swamps and bayous protected Vicksburg. In the aftermath of the battle, Grant turned his army east and drove General Joseph E. Johnston's forces away from the state capital at Jackson, Mississippi, on May 14, 1863. The only surviving historic structure is the Shaifer plantation house, which is where the battle began. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. Gen. Edward Tracy, who anchored the Confederate right flank roughly a mile and half to the northwest. The ragtag army that had fought so well at Port Gibson would not rest until they had entered the Warrenton fortifications nearly ten miles away. The Battle of Port Gibson was a resounding Union victory which secured Grants beachhead east of the Mississippi River and cleared the way to the Southern Railroad supplying Vicksburg. Every purchase supports the mission. A few miles to the south, McClernand's Corps traveled along Rodney Road. President Abraham Lincoln. On April 22, six more boats made it through, bringing Grant the supplies he needed to launch his assault on Vicksburg. With two of the three main rivers connecting the North and South under Union control, the Federals turned their attention to the Mississippi River. Tracy dispatched infantry and artillery to Greens assistance minutes before cannons began to pound his own line, signaling the advance of a new Union column under Brig. Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson showed up late in the afternoon with Brig. After a prolonged siege, Grant eventually forced Pemberton to surrender on July 4, 1863. Almost by mutual consent, the fighting ebbed by 3:00 a.m., and the weary soldiers in blue and gray rested on their arms. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. Admiral David Farragut captured the port city of New Orleans on May 18, 1862, closing down Confederate access to the Gulf. 3 Mississippi (Claiborne County), Port Gibson Battle of Port Gibson On May 1, 1863, Confederate forces under Brig. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. Defending that border was difficult for the Confederacy because three major rivers (the Mississippi, which flows south to the Gulf of Mexico, and the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, which flow north to the Ohio River) provided relatively easy access to the South. A single brigade of reinforcements from Vicksburg under Brig. As an Amazon Associate, the owner of Ohio Civil War Central can earn from qualifying purchases. Explore the known interments of Soldiers' Rest Cemetery. See and touch history at Historic Sites, Museums and special events, Restore your historic home or property, get tax credits, renovation tips, This map depicts the opening battles in the Union campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, in May 1863. Ohio Civil War Central is an independent encyclopedia of Ohio history. The Battle of Port Gibson on May 1, 1863 was a pivotal event of the Civil War in Mississippi which featured the largest amphibious operation of the United States army prior to June 6, 1944. Within six weeks, Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River, establishing federal control of both waterways. Having landed on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River unopposed at Bruinsburg, the Union army pushed steadily inland through the night on April 30, 1863. This FREE annual event brings together educators from all over the world for sessions, lectures, and tours from leading experts. Union gunboats, investigating the nature of the explosion, arrived and took Grand Gulf without a shot. After landing at Bruinsburg, Ulysses S. Grant . In December, Grant launched his first attempt to capture Vicksburg. The invasion of Mississippi by roughly 23,000 Union soldiers on April 30, 1863, was the largest amphibious offensive in American history prior to the invasion of Normandy, France, during World War II. To complete the river crossing, however, Grant needed the assistance of his naval forces. Battle of Port Gibson - Grant's March Marker. Records 1 - 52. Green quickly mounted and raced back to Magnolia Church to alert his brigade. The house was used by Maj. Gen. John A McClernand for his headquarters and later used as a hospital. Bowen deployed Brigadier General Martin E. Green's Brigade west of Port Gibson along Rodney Road and he stationed Brigadier General Edward D. Tracy's brigade across Bruinsburg Road. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. A desperate Confederate counterattack by Cockrells Missourians was repulsed and Bowen ordered a retreat. Despite a valiant effort by Col. Isham W. Garrot, taking over for Tracy, his line was outflanked and he was forced to withdraw. As McPhersons troops moved along Rodney Road in the dark, they encountered light opposition from Greens advance patrols until stopping at about 3 a.m. Gen. Peter Osterhaus. The site of the Battle of Port Gibson lies approximately four miles west of the historic town of Port Gibson in Claiborne County, Mississippi. Green called for reinforcements from Brig. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. Resounding Union victories at the Battle of Champion Hill (May 16) and the Battle of Big Black River (May 17), forced Pemberton to take refuge within the City of Vicksburg proper. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. When reinforcements arrived from Brigadier General William E. Baldwin's and Colonel Francis M. Cockrell's brigades, the Rebels established a succession of new lines while being forced back steadily. Supplies were piled on all sorts of wagons and carriages for the surprise march on the Confederates. The Federals divided their forces and moved along two roughly parallel roads that converged near their objective, about ten miles to the east. The creators behind Ohio Civil War Central are historians, developers, and website specialists. American History Central is an independent encyclopedia of American history. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. With the aid of Admiral Porter's gunboats, Grant attempted to move Major General John A. McClernand's 13th Army Corps down the Mississippi River on transport barges and execute a landing on the east bank at Grand Gulf, located at the juncture of the Mississippi and the Big Black River roughly thirty miles below Vicksburg. The battle began around midnight near the Shaifer House four miles west of town. He intended to storm Grand Gulf, while his subordinate Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman and the XV Corps deceived the main army in Vicksburg by feigning an assault on the Yazoo Bluffs. Send Students on School Field Trips to Battlefields Your Gift Tripled! The Battle of Port Gibson occurred on May 1, 1863, and resulted in the deaths of more than 200 Union and Confederate soldiers. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. Mine Run - Union Off. Built between 1859-1861, the plantation was the home of wealthy planter, Smith Coffee Daniell, II. The road to his rear now threatened, Bowen commenced retreating through Port Gibson to the north shore of Bayou Pierre. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. On May 1, 1863, Confederate forces under Brig. Every purchase supports the mission. As McPherson's troops moved along Rodney Road in the dark, they encountered light opposition from Green's advance patrols until stopping at about 3 a.m. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. Grant launched his campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, in the spring of 1863, starting his army south from Milliken's Bend on the west side of the Mississippi River. The Shaifer House was the site of the opening shots in the Battle of Port Gibson. Grant launched his campaign against Vicksburg, Mississippi, in the spring of 1863, starting his army south from Milliken's Bend on the . Bowen lost 787 soldiers (60 killed, 340 wounded, and 387 missing). The Union Army was led by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and was victorious. Stay up-to-date on the American Battlefield Trust's battlefield preservation efforts, travel tips, upcoming events, history content and more. The area is now largely wooded, with a scattering of non-historic houses and other buildings, mainly along Rodney Road which roughly bisects the battlefield. [Wikimedia Commons]. Too late to do anything more than affirm Bowen's decision, Maj. Gen. William W. Loring arrived and took command of the Confederates. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. Admiral David Farragut captured the port city of New Orleans on May 18, 1862, closing down Confederate access to the Gulf. of Ms. & E. At dawn the battle was renewed in fury as Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand threw most of his XIII Corps toward Greens thin gray line. Gen. Edward D. Tracy arrived later and was posted across the Bruinsburg Road two miles north of Green's position. The Battle of Port Gibson was Union general Ulysses S. Grant's first victory in the campaign that eventually led to the fall of Vicksburg. If Bowen had known that Grant's men were landing at Bruinsburg and not Rodney, he would have taken a position on the bluffs above Bruinsburg, denying Grant's army a bridgehead into the area. Photographed By Tom Bosse, July 2, 2017. Heavy rear-guard activity took place as the Confederates scrambled to remove their force across the narrow bridge. The Union troops pushed forward all along the line, and fierce fighting continued throughout the afternoon. Grant would then detach Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand's XIII Corps to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks at Port Hudson, Louisiana, while Sherman hurried to join Grant and James B. McPherson and the XVII Corps for an inland move against the railroad. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. Gen. A. J. Smith's 10th Division and Stevenson's Brigade of McPherson's XVII Corps, McClernand resumed the pursuit. Port Gibson | May 1, 1863 (June 2020) American Battlefield Trust Port Gibson, ten miles east of Bruinsburg on the Little Bayou Pierre River, commanded the road network between Grand Gulf and Jackson and was Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's first objective after crossing the Mississippi. Against this target, Grant poised his army to strike. The first strong point on the Mississippi was the Gibraltar of the Confederacy,Vicksburg. Fighting erupted shortly after midnight on May 1 as Union soldiers encountered Bowen's men in the dense undergrowth near Magnolia Church and continued into the next day. The Union forces were brought across by Read Admiral D.D. Grant's plan to detach McClernand to Banks would have to wait. His men fell back to the next ridge where early in the afternoon they were reinforced by what remained of Greens brigade. The Battle of Port Gibson was fought near Port Gibson, Mississippi, on May 1, 1863, between Union and Confederate forces during the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. Fighting in the scattered fields and forest around the Shaifer House intensified as more Union regiments and batteries came into action. The Union victory secured that beachhead and paved the way for the eventual fall of Vicksburg. The initial landing was unopposed, and Grant moved quickly to secure the beachhead, moving troops up the road toward Port Gibson. Later that night, Grant ordered McClernand and Major General James B. McPherson to march their 13th and 17th Army Corps down the Louisiana side of the Mississippi past Grand Gulf. Was led by Maj. Gen. John a McClernand for his headquarters and later used as a hospital 1862 early. 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